Ture and Hamilton claimed the revolution on behalf of African Americans, and insisted that any help would be given on their terms. government would continue helping African Americans. In his speech announcing what he thought should be the next phase of the civil rights movement, President Lyndon Johnson presented the post-World War II anti-colonial revolution approvingly and as an extension of the American revolution. In order to explain what it should mean, Carmichael wrote a book about it with political scientist Charles Hamilton (1929– ). After his release from jail following his arrest during a march in Mississippi in 1966, Carmichael gave a speech to a small crowd in which he invoked “Black Power.” The crowd responded well to his remarks and the term, which he did not invent, gained currency, although it appeared to mean different things to different people. After other political organizing efforts, some of which failed to achieve all that he and others hoped for, he became disillusioned with the methods of the civil rights movement, including cooperation with white liberals and non-violence, as well as its objective, integration. Born in Jamaica and known as Stokely Carmichael until he changed his name in 1978, Ture participated in various civil rights activities in the early 1960s, including voter registration efforts and “freedom rides” to integrate interstate bus travel. Kwame Ture (1941–1998) was a civil rights activist and political organizer.

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